A virtual lab are interactive, digital simulations of activities that typically take place in physical laboratory settings. Virtual labs simulate the tools, equipments, tests, and procedures used in chemistry, biology (botany and zoology), physics, and other disciplines. Virtual labs provide a fully interactive simulation environment to perform experiments, view animations, collect materials and protocols related to experiments, and answer questions to assess the understanding of the knowledge acquired. Virtual Labs Programme is an initiative of National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Govt. of India. Govt. P. G. College, Kunidhar, Manila (Almora) covers Arts and Science as major subjects and avails easy access to Virtual Lab tour for the students since March, 2023. Faculties and students from the departments of Botany, Chemistry, Physics, Zoology, Mathematics and Geography are the major beneficiaries of virtual lab to enhance their interest area in particular discipline.

Virtual Lab Nodal: Dr. Shaiphali Saxena, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany

Virtual Lab Tours	Content Links
Zoology	(1.) Cells: Osmosis (https://biomanbio.com/HTML5GamesandLabs/Cellgames/osmosis-interactivepage.html) (2.) Cell Defense: The Plasma Membrane (https://biomanbio.com/HTML5GamesandLabs/Cellgames/celldefensehtml5page.html) (3.) Histology: https://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/histology/ (4.) Natural selection: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/natural-selection (5.) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): https://mbvii-au.vlabs.ac.in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction References: 1. https://biomanbio.com/HTML5GamesandLabs/Cellgames/Cells.html 2. https://www.merlot.org/merlot/materials.htm?hasAwards=false&hasComments=false&hasCourses=false&filterTypesOpen=false&keywords=virtual%20labs&dateRange=0&hasEtextReviews=false&hasPeerReviews=false&fromContentBuilderSawDialog=false&isLeadershipLibrary=false&hasCollections=false&filterOtherOpen=false&modifiedDays=7&isContentBuilder=false&filterSubjectsOpen=true&hasAccessibilityForm=false&hasAssignments=false&filterPartnerAffiliationsOpen=true&hasRatings=false&hasSercActivitySheets=false&days=7&filterMobileOpen=false&sort.property=relevance&modifiedDateRange=0&hasEditorReviews=false&page=1&audience=4 3. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/filter?sort=alpha&view=grid 4. https://www.vlab.co.in/participating-institute-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham
Botany	(1.) Photosynthesis amd Cellular Respiration: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:0cf2328b:lx_simulation:1 (2.) Chloroplasts and Food: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:dad95647:lx_simulation:1 (3.) Dynamics of Photosynthesis: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:71c3a3ab:lx_simulation:1 (4.) Qualitative Tests of Photosynthesis: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:3a6fe1d5:lx_simulation:1 (5.) Light and Dark Reactions: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:47922871:lx_simulation:1 (6.) Algal Blooms and Trophic Dynamics in Aquatic Ecosystems: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:a40491af:lx_simulation:1 (7.) Trophic Levels: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:197f26a2:lx_simulation:1 (8.) Food Pyramids: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:c4839f08:lx_simulation:1 (9.) Ecology Lab: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:1ddbf348:lx_simulation:1 (10.) Water Cycle: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:f415b1ea:lx_simulation:1 (11.) Autotrophs and Heterotrophs: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:2c26614e:lx_simulation:1 (12.) Palaeobotany: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/Dir.html (13.) Plant Tissue Culture Basics: https://cbi-au.vlabs.ac.in/Basics_of_Plant_Tissue_Culture (14.) Cell Structure and Organization: https://cbi-au.vlabs.ac.in/Cell_Organization_and_Sub_Cellular_Structure_Studies (15.) Mitosis in Onion Root Tips: https://cbii-au.vlabs.ac.in/Mitosis_in_Onion_Root_Tips References: 1. https://www.labxchange.org/library?t=ItemType%3Asimulation&page=1&size=24&order=relevance 2. https://www.merlot.org/merlot/materials.htm?hasAwards=false&hasComments=false&hasCourses=false&filterTypesOpen=false&keywords=virtual%20labs&dateRange=0&hasEtextReviews=false&hasPeerReviews=false&fromContentBuilderSawDialog=false&isLeadershipLibrary=false&hasCollections=false&filterOtherOpen=false&modifiedDays=7&isContentBuilder=false&filterSubjectsOpen=true&hasAccessibilityForm=false&hasAssignments=false&filterPartnerAffiliationsOpen=true&hasRatings=false&hasSercActivitySheets=false&days=7&filterMobileOpen=false&sort.property=relevance&modifiedDateRange=0&hasEditorReviews=false&page=1&audience=4 3. https://www.vlab.co.in/participating-institute-amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham
Chemistry	(1.) Stoichiometry: Acid-Base Solutions (https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:9668d3cc:lx_simulation:1) (2.) Structure of an Atom: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:884e9fb1:lx_simulation:1 (3.) Molarity: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:a6782bb7:lx_simulation:1 (4.) Balancing Chemical Equations: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:4b3e0507:lx_simulation:1 (5.) Reactants, Products and Leftovers: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:f5cef774:lx_simulation:1 (6.) Diffusion across a Permeable Membrane: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:2ee89d2e:lx_simulation:1 (7.) Protein Purification by Column Chromatography: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:2ee89d2e:lx_simulation:1 (8.) Beer's Law: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:8178dfa0:lx_simulation:1 (9.) States of Matter: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:69d56019:lx_simulation:1 (10.) Catalysis: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:82d37f7a:lx_simulation:1 (11.) Isotopes and Atomic Mass: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:97ca480e:lx_simulation:1 (12.) Boiling Point: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:3fbe0dc0:lx_simulation:1 References: 1. https://www.labxchange.org/library?t=ItemType%3Asimulation&page=1&size=24&order=relevance
Physics	(1.) Waves Intro: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:aebd0dc8:lx_simulation:1 (2.) Faraday's Law: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:05247a79:lx_simulation:1 (3.) Ohm's Law: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:375cf46f:lx_simulation:1 (4.) Circuit Construction: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:077c8c13:lx_simulation:1 (5.) Gravity Force: https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/lb:LabXchange:a537c4c4:lx_simulation:1 (6.) Kepler's Laws: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/keplers-laws (7.) Capacitor: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/capacitor-lab (8.) Coulomb's Law: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/coulombs-law (9.) Conductivity: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity (10.) Forces and Motions: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/forces-and-motion-basics (11.) Lasers: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/lasers (12.) Magnets and Electromagnets: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/magnets-and-electromagnets (13.) Semiconductors: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/semiconductor References: 1. https://www.labxchange.org/library?t=ItemType%3Asimulation&page=1&size=24&order=relevance 2. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/filter?sort=alpha&view=grid
Mathematics	(1.) Various Topics under the link: https://www.labxchange.org/library?t=ItemType%3Asimulation&t=SubjectArea%3AMathematics%3AAlgebra&page=1&size=24&order=relevance (2.) Maths Concepts: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/filter?subjects=mathconcepts&sort=alpha (3.) Math Applications: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/filter?subjects=mathapplications&sort=alpha References: 1. https://www.labxchange.org/library?t=ItemType%3Asimulation&page=1&size=24&order=relevance 2. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/filter?sort=alpha&view=grid
Geography	(1.) Glaciers: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/glaciers (2.) Plate Tectonics: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/plate-tectonics (3.) Greenhouse Effects: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/greenhouse-effect (4.) Cartography: https://youtu.be/7V-GZt0r1wA (5.) Sensors and Space: https://remotesensinglab.com/sensors.html (6.) Visualizing Light: https://remotesensinglab.com/visualising.html (7.) Measuring Light: https://remotesensinglab.com/measuring.html References 1. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/filter?sort=alpha&view=grid 2. https://www.youtube.com/?authuser=0 3. https://remotesensinglab.com/

Virtual Lab(s)